Gene Loss

Publication Details

Identifier: JB_HP6RPP

Curator: M. Lopes-Marques

Title:

Major taste loss in carnivorous mammals.

Abstract:

Mammalian sweet taste is primarily mediated by the type 1 taste receptor Tas1r2/Tas1r3, whereas Tas1r1/Tas1r3 act as the principal umami taste receptor. Bitter taste is mediated by a different group of G protein-coupled receptors, the Tas2rs, numbering 3 to ∼66, depending on the species. We showed previously that the behavioral indifference of cats toward sweet-tasting compounds can be explained by the pseudogenization of the Tas1r2 gene, which encodes the Tas1r2 receptor. To examine the generality of this finding, we sequenced the entire coding region of Tas1r2 from 12 species in the order Carnivora. Seven of these nonfeline species, all of which are exclusive meat eaters, also have independently pseudogenized Tas1r2 caused by ORF-disrupting mutations. Fittingly, the purifying selection pressure is markedly relaxed in these species with a pseudogenized Tas1r2. In behavioral tests, the Asian otter (defective Tas1r2) showed no preference for sweet compounds, but the spectacled bear (intact Tas1r2) did. In addition to the inactivation of Tas1r2, we found that sea lion Tas1r1 and Tas1r3 are also pseudogenized, consistent with their unique feeding behavior, which entails swallowing food whole without chewing. The extensive loss of Tas1r receptor function is not restricted to the sea lion: the bottlenose dolphin, which evolved independently from the sea lion but displays similar feeding behavior, also has all three Tas1rs inactivated, and may also lack functional bitter receptors. These data provide strong support for the view that loss of taste receptor function in mammals is widespread and directly related to feeding specializations.

Last update:

30-08-2024

Associated Glosses (12 results)

GlossID	Species	Symbol	Gene Loss Mechanism	Loss Type	Lineage Specific	Citation
GL_3EA6T6	Tursiops truncatus	TAS1R3	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1073/pnas.1118360109
GL_5UYPOP	Crocuta crocuta	TAS1R2	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1073/pnas.1118360109
GL_IEUDCM	Zalophus californianus	TAS1R2	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1073/pnas.1118360109
GL_K7V23V	Cryptoprocta ferox	TAS1R2	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1073/pnas.1118360109
GL_LTFA7Y	Prionodon linsang	TAS1R2	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1073/pnas.1118360109
GL_OUOX5B	Tursiops truncatus	TAS1R2	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1073/pnas.1118360109
GL_RLTQ47	Tursiops truncatus	TAS1R1	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1073/pnas.1118360109
GL_SPFYSA	Phoca vitulina	TAS1R2	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1073/pnas.1118360109
GL_VFB3KG	Arctocephalus forsteri	TAS1R2	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1073/pnas.1118360109
GL_VYW7C1	Zalophus californianus	TAS1R3	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1073/pnas.1118360109