Gene Loss

Publication Details

Identifier: JB_SLPYRW

Curator: Gonçalo Themudo

DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.011

PMID: 28733228

Title:

Progressive erosion of the Relaxin1 gene in bovids.

Abstract:

The relaxin/insulin-like (RLN/INSL) gene family is a group of genes that encode peptide hormones involved in a variety of physiological functions related to reproduction. Previous studies have shown that relaxin plays a key role in widening of the pubic bone during labor and in gamete maturation. Because of these functions, studying the evolution of RLN1, the gene encoding for relaxin, is relevant in livestock species, most of which belong in the group Laurasiatheria, which includes cow, pig, horse, goat, and sheep in addition to bats, cetaceans and carnivores. Experimental evidence suggests that cows do not synthesize relaxin, but respond to it, and sheep apparently have a truncated RLN1 gene. Thus, we made use of genome sequence data to characterize the genomic locus of the RLN1 gene in Laurasiatherian mammals to better understand how cows lost the ability to synthesize this peptide. We found that all ruminants in our study (cow, giraffe, goat, sheep and Tibetan antelope) lack a functional RLN1 gene, and document the progressive loss of RLN1 in the lineage leading to cows. Our analyses indicate that 1 - all ruminants have lost all key regulatory elements upstream of the first exon, 2 - giraffe, goat, sheep and Tibetan antelope have multiple inactivating mutations in the RLN1 pseudogene, and 3 - the cow genome has lost all traces of RLN1. The 5' regulatory sequence plays a key role in activating expression, and the loss of this sequence would impair synthesis of mRNA. Our results suggest that changes in regulatory sequence preceded mutations in coding sequence and highlight the importance of these regions in maintaining proper gene function. In addition, we found that all bovids examined posses copies of the relaxin receptors, which explains why they are able to respond to relaxin despite their inability to produce it.

Last update:

15-11-2024

Associated Glosses (43 results)

GlossID	Species	Symbol	Gene Loss Mechanism	Loss Type	Lineage Specific	Citation
GL_M1MI5Y	Equus caballus	INSL4	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.011
GL_MCYE93	Ailuropoda melanoleuca	INSL4	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.011
GL_MIFAMR	Pantholops hodgsonii	INSL4	Gene deletion	Full	No	10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.011
GL_MV1PRN	Ursus maritimus	INSL4	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.011
GL_NF7I0K	Ovis aries	RLN1	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.011
GL_NSAAR5	Giraffa camelopardalis	RLN1	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.011
GL_NTHQQU	Pteropus vampyrus	INSL4	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.011
GL_O3BGIQ	Pantholops hodgsonii	RLN1	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.011
GL_PMS92F	Capra hircus	INSL4	Gene deletion	Full	No	10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.011
GL_PV3CER	Leptonychotes weddellii	INSL4	LOF (frameshift, premature stop, ss)	Full	No	10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.011